BibMe Free Bibliography Citation Maker MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard. A guide from Purdue University on using MLA guidelines in research papers, and citing all sources from a single book to government documents. Neurology from Greek, neuron, and the suffix logia study of is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women. One in every eight women in the United States develops breast cancer. There are many types of. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. Breast Cancer Causes, Types, Signs, Symptoms, Stages, Treatment. What are breast cancer medical treatments Patients with breast cancer have many treatment options. Most treatments are adjusted specifically to the type of cancer and the staging group. Treatment options are being adjusted frequently and your health care provider will have the information on the current standard of care available. Treatment options should be discussed with a health care team. The following are the basic treatment modalities used in the treatment of breast cancer. Surgery. Most women with breast cancer will require surgery. Broadly, the surgical therapies for breast cancer can be divided into breast conserving surgery and mastectomy. Breast conserving surgery. This surgery will only remove part of the breast sometimes referred to as partial mastectomy. The extent of the surgery is determined by the size and location of the tumor. In a lumpectomy, only the breast lump and some surrounding tissue is removed. The surrounding tissue surgical margins are inspected for cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found, this is called negative or clear margins. Frequently, radiation therapy is given after lumpectomies. Mastectomy. During a mastectomy sometimes also referred to as a simple mastectomy, all the breast tissue is removed. If immediate reconstruction is considered, a skin sparing mastectomy is sometimes performed. In this surgery, all the breast tissue is removed as well, but the overlying skin is preserved. Radical mastectomy. During this surgery, the surgeon removes the axillary lymph nodes as well as the chest wall muscle in addition to the breast. This procedure is done much less frequently than in the past, as in most cases, a modified radical mastectomy is as effective. Modified radical mastectomy. This surgery removes the axillary lymph nodes in addition to the breast tissue. Depending on the stage of the cancer, a health care team might give someone a choice between a lumpectomy and a mastectomy. Lumpectomy allows sparing of the breast but usually requires radiation therapy afterward. If lumpectomy is indicated, long term follow up shows no advantage of a mastectomy over the lumpectomy. Preventive surgery. For a small group of patients who have a very high risk of breast cancer, surgery to remove the breasts may be an option. Although this reduces the risk significantly, a small chance of developing cancer remains. Double mastectomy is a surgical option to prevent breast cancer. This prophylactic preventive surgery can decrease the risk of breast cancer by about 9. Such an approach should be carefully discussed with a health care team. The discussion about whether to undergo any preventive surgery should includegenetic testing for BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations,full review of risk factors,family history of cancer and specifically breast cancer, andother preventive options such as medications. Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy destroys cancer cells with high energy rays. There are two ways to administer radiation therapy. External beam radiation. This is the usual way radiation therapy is given for breast cancer. A beam of radiation is focused onto the affected area by an external machine. The extent of the treatment is determined by a health care team and is based on the surgical procedure performed and whether lymph nodes were affected or not. The local area will usually be marked after the radiation team has determined the exact location for the treatments. Usually, the treatment is given five days a week for five to six weeks. Brachytherapy. This form of delivering radiation uses radioactive seeds or pellets. Instead of a beam from the outside delivering the radiation, these seeds are implanted into the breast next to the cancer. Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is treatment of cancers with medications that travel through the bloodstream to the cancer cells. These medications are given either by intravenous injection or by mouth. Chemotherapy can have different indications and may be performed in different settings as follows Adjuvant chemotherapy If surgery has removed all the visible cancer, there is still the possibility that cancer cells have broken off or are left behind. If chemotherapy is given to assure that these small amounts of cells are killed as well, it is called adjunct chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is not given in all cases, since some women have a very low risk of recurrence even without chemotherapy, depending upon the tumor type and characteristics. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy If chemotherapy is given before surgery, it is referred to as neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Although there seems to be no advantage to long term survival whether the therapy is given before or after surgery, there are advantages to see if the cancer responds to the therapy and by shrinking the cancer before surgical removal. Chemotherapy for advanced cancer If the cancer has metastasized to distant sites in the body, chemotherapy can be used for treatment. With cases of metastatic breast cancer, the health care team will need to determine the most appropriate length of treatment. There are many different chemotherapeutic agents that are either given alone or in combination. Usually, these drugs are given in cycles with certain treatment intervals followed by a rest period. The cycle length and rest intervals differ from drug to drug. Hormone therapy. This therapy is often used to help reduce the risk of cancer reoccurrence after surgery, but it can also be used as adjunct treatment. Estrogen a hormone produced by the ovaries promotes the growth of a few breast cancers, specifically those containing receptors for estrogen ER positive or progesterone PR positive. The following drugs are used in hormone therapy Tamoxifen Nolvadex This drug prevents estrogen from binding to estrogen receptors on breast cells. Toremifene Fareston works similar to Tamoxifen and is only indicated in metastatic breast cancer. Fulvestrant Faslodex This drug eliminates the estrogen receptor and can be used even if tamoxifen is no longer useful. Aromatase inhibitors They stop estrogen production in postmenopausal women. Examples are letrozole Femara, anastrozole Arimidex, and exemestane Aromasin. Targeted therapy. Kaun Banega Crorepati Game Kbc 2 The Game here. As we are learning more about gene changes and their involvement in causing cancer, drugs are being developed that specifically target the cancer cells. They tend to have fewer side effects than chemotherapy as they target only the cancer cells but usually are still used in adjunct with chemotherapy. Alternative treatments. Civ3 Game Editor. Whenever a disease has the potential for much harm and death, physicians search for alternative treatments. As a patient or the loved one of a patient, there may be an inclination to try everything and leave no option unexplored. The danger in this approach is usually found in the fact that the patient might not avail themselves of existing, proven therapies. One should discuss any interest in alternative treatments with a health care team and together explore the different options.